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Something I end up explaining relatively often has to do with all the various ways you can stream video encapsulated in the Real-time Transport Protocol, or RTP, and still claim to be standards compliant.
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Some background: RTP is used primarily to stream either H.264 or MPEG-4 video. RTP is a system protocol that provides mechanisms to synchronize the presentation different streams – for instance audio and video. As such, it performs some of the same functions as an MPEG-2 transport or program stream. Casino com free bonus no deposit.
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RTP – which you can read about in great detail in RFC 3550 – is codec-agnostic. This means it is possible to carry a large number of codec types inside RTP; for each protocol, the IETF defines an RTP profile that specifies any codec-specific details of mapping data from the codec into RTP packets. Profiles are defined for H.264, MPEG-4 video and audio, and many more. Even VC-1 – the “standardized” form of Windows Media Video – has an RTP profile.
In my opinion, the standards are a mess in this area. It should be possible to meet all the various requirements on streaming video with one or at most two different methods for streaming. But ultimately standards bodies are committees: each person puts in a pretty color, and the result comes out grey.
In fact, the original standards situation around MPEG-4 video was so confused that a group of large companies formed the Internet Streaming Media Alliance, or ISMA. ISMA’s role is basically to wade into all the different options presented in the standards and create a meta-standard – currently ISMA 2.0 – that ties a number of other standards documents together and tells you how to build a working system that will interoperate with other systems.
In any event, there are a number of predominant ways to send MPEG-4 or H.264 video using RTP, all of which follow some relevant standards. If you’re writing a decoder, you’ll normally need to address all of them, so here’s a quick overview.Multicast delivery: RTSP over UDP
In an environment where there is one source of a video stream and many viewers, ideally each frame of video and audio would only transit the network once. This is how multicast delivery works. In a multicast network, each viewer must retrieve an SDP file through some unspecified mechanism, which in practice is usually HTTP. Once retrieved, the SDP file gives enough information for the viewer to find the multicast streams on the network and begin playback.
In the Multicast delivery scenario, each individual stream is sent on a pair of different UDP ports – one for data and the second for the related RTP Control Protocol or RTCP. That means for a video program consisting of a video stream and two audio streams, you’ll actually see packets being delivered to six UDP ports:
*Video data delivered over RTP
*The related RTCP port for the video stream
*Primary audio data delivered over RTP
*The related RTCP port for the primary audio stream
*Secondary audio data delivered over RTP
*The related RTCP port for the secondary audio stream
*Timestamps in the RTP headers can be used to synchronize the presentation of the various streams.
As a side note, RTCP is almost vestigial for most applications. It’s specified in RFC 3550 along with RTP. If you’re implementing a decoder you’ll need to listen on the RTCP ports, but you can almost ignore any data sent to you. The exceptions are the sender report, which you’ll need in order to match up the timestamps between the streams, and the BYE, which some sources will send as they tear down a stream.
Multicast video delivery works best for live content. Because each viewer is viewing the same stream, it’s not possible for individual viewers to be able to pause, seek, rewind or fast-forward the stream.
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It’s also possible to send unicast video over UDP, with one copy of the video transiting the network for each client. Unicast delivery can be used for both live and stored content. In the stored content case, additional control commands can be used to pause, seek, and enter fast forward and rewind modes.
Normally in this case, the player first establishes a control connection to a server using the Real-Time Streaming Protocol, or RTSP. In theory, RTSP can be used over either UDP or TCP, but in practice it is almost always used over TCP.
The player is normally started with an rtsp:// URL, and this causes it to connect over TCP to the RTSP server. After some back-and-forth between the player and the RTSP server, during which the server sends the client an SDP file describing the stream, the server begins sending video to the client over UDP. As with the multicast delivery case, a pair of UDP ports is used for each of the elementary streams.
For seekable streams, once the video is playing, the player has additional control using RTSP: It can cause playback to pause, or seek to a different position, or enter fast forward or rewind mode.RTSP Interleaved mode: RTP vs RTSP over TCP
I’m not a fan of streaming video over TCP. In the event a packet is lost in the network, it’s usually worse to wait for retransmission (which is what happens with TCP’s guaranteed delivery) than it is just to allow the resulting video glitch to pass through to the user (which is what happens with UDP).
However, there are a handful of different networking configurations that would block UDP video; in particular, firewalls historically have interacted badly with the two modes of UDP delivery summarized above.
So the RTSP RFC, in section 10.12, briefly outlines a mode of interleaving the RTP and RTCP packets onto the existing TCP connection being used for RTSP. Each RTP and RTCP packet is given a four-byte prefix and dropped onto the TCP stream. The result is that the player connects to the RTSP server, and all communication flows over a single TCP connection between the two.HTTP Tunneled mode: RTP and RTSP over HTTP over TCP
You would think RTSP Interleaved mode, being designed to transmit video across firewalls, would be the end, but it turns out that many firewalls aren’t configured to allow connections to TCP port 554, the well-known port for an RTSP server.
So Apple invented a method of mapping the entire RTSP Interleaved communication on top of HTTP, meaning the video ultimately flows across TCP port 80. To my knowledge, this HTTP Tunneled mode is not standardized in any official RFC, but it’s so widely implemented that it has become a de-facto standard.Domain SummaryGlobal Traffic Rank25,882Estimated Visitors70,400 / DayEstimated Page Impressions204,000 / DayDomain Creation Daten/aDomain Agen/aIP Addresses4 × IPv4Web Server LocationUnited StatesUpdated: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)When has RTP.pt expired?This domain has expired 23 days ago on Thursday, February 11, 2021.What are RTP.pt’s nameservers?DNS for RTP.pt is provided by the following nameservers:What is the traffic rank for RTP.pt?How many people visit RTP.pt each day?RTP.pt receives approximately 70,400 visitors and 204,000 page impressions per day.From which countries does RTP.pt receive most of its visitors from?RTP.pt is mostly visited by people located in Portugal, the United States and Mozambique.What IP addresses does RTP.pt resolve to?RTP.pt resolves to the following 4 IPv4 addresses:In what country are RTP.pt servers located in?Domain WHOIS RecordDomain Namertp.ptDomain ExtensionptTop-Level Domain (TLD).ptTLD TypeCountry Code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD)Domain Expiry DateDomain Status
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*151.101.2.133
*151.101.66.133
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*151.101.194.133Website and Web Server InformationWebsite AbstractRTP - Rádio Televisão Portuguesa : Operadores de serviço público de televisão. Guia TV, programas, novidades, cinema, concursos e RTP VídeoWebsite TitleRTP - Rádio e Televisão de PortugalWebsite DescriptionA RTP está próxima dos portugueses. Os programas que vê todos os dias na TV e na Rádio. Os vídeos e áudios dos seus programas preferidos, mp3, rss e online. Notícias, desporto, blogues, sugestões e as novidades RTPWebsite KeywordsEmissões em Directo, estilos de Vida, A não Perder, Museu RTP, Zig ZagWebsite Hosthttp://www.rtp.ptMedian Page Load Time1.495 secondsWebsite LanguagePortuguese (pt)Number of Sites Linking In4,124DNS Resource RecordsNameTypeData@A151.101.2.133@A151.101.66.133@A151.101.130.133@A151.101.194.133@ represents the DNS zone origin rtp.pt as often found in BIND zone filesTraffic SummaryGlobal Traffic RankEstimated Monthly VisitorsEstimated Monthly Pageviews25,8822.1 Million6.2 MillionTraffic Statistics by CountryCountryTraffic RankPageviewsVisitorsPortugal2685.4%79.0%United States88,0452.2%3.3%Mozambique3410.9%1.6%Other Countries11.5%16.1%Traffic Statistics by SubdomainSubdomainVisitorsPageviewsPageviews per Visitorrtp.pt86.55%89.70%2.7Other Subdomains10.30%Sites Similar to RTP.ptSport Tv - sporttv.ptTV Cabo - tvcabo.pttsr.chSIC Online - sic.ptSapo - Portugal Online! - sapo.ptTVE - rtve.esRTBF - rtbf.beRádio Renascença Online - rr.ptRFM Online - rfm.ptRede Record - rederecord.com.brnoticias.rtp.pt/ - rtp.ptReverse IP - Websites on the same IP Addressrossmann.desenetic.luavalaneboutique.comwww.yoursurprise.plyoursurprise.plwww.bbweblink.comdotabuff.comcpap.comweedmaps.comrobertwalters.co.jpBest Rtp Online CasinosWebsites with Similar Namesrtp.org.brrtp.partnersrtp.photographyrtp.physiortp.plumbingrtp.realtyrtp.rentrtp.rortp.rsrtp.seRelated Keyword Analysesrtp company crockett txhotel indigo rtp nchotel indigo airport at rtptvtuga rtpbooongo slots rtprtp stock pricertp jobywhat is an rtpfitemcasa rtpalexander pavlov rtprt pcrrtp protocolrtpartp meaningrtp companyrtpos
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Something I end up explaining relatively often has to do with all the various ways you can stream video encapsulated in the Real-time Transport Protocol, or RTP, and still claim to be standards compliant.
*Best Rtp Slot Machine
*Best Rtp Online Casinos
Some background: RTP is used primarily to stream either H.264 or MPEG-4 video. RTP is a system protocol that provides mechanisms to synchronize the presentation different streams – for instance audio and video. As such, it performs some of the same functions as an MPEG-2 transport or program stream. Casino com free bonus no deposit.
Best Dining in Raleigh, North Carolina: See 63,634 Tripadvisor traveler reviews of 1,448 Raleigh restaurants and search by cuisine, price, location, and more. Highest RTP Slots (of all time) The table above features all the slots we’ve reviewed on our website, sorted by highest RTP slots first. You can filter which games have the highest return to player and where you can find the best RTP slots to win most of your. What is RTP and what are the RTP’s at NetEnt casinos? We demystify this enigmatic term with examples.
RTP – which you can read about in great detail in RFC 3550 – is codec-agnostic. This means it is possible to carry a large number of codec types inside RTP; for each protocol, the IETF defines an RTP profile that specifies any codec-specific details of mapping data from the codec into RTP packets. Profiles are defined for H.264, MPEG-4 video and audio, and many more. Even VC-1 – the “standardized” form of Windows Media Video – has an RTP profile.
In my opinion, the standards are a mess in this area. It should be possible to meet all the various requirements on streaming video with one or at most two different methods for streaming. But ultimately standards bodies are committees: each person puts in a pretty color, and the result comes out grey.
In fact, the original standards situation around MPEG-4 video was so confused that a group of large companies formed the Internet Streaming Media Alliance, or ISMA. ISMA’s role is basically to wade into all the different options presented in the standards and create a meta-standard – currently ISMA 2.0 – that ties a number of other standards documents together and tells you how to build a working system that will interoperate with other systems.
In any event, there are a number of predominant ways to send MPEG-4 or H.264 video using RTP, all of which follow some relevant standards. If you’re writing a decoder, you’ll normally need to address all of them, so here’s a quick overview.Multicast delivery: RTSP over UDP
In an environment where there is one source of a video stream and many viewers, ideally each frame of video and audio would only transit the network once. This is how multicast delivery works. In a multicast network, each viewer must retrieve an SDP file through some unspecified mechanism, which in practice is usually HTTP. Once retrieved, the SDP file gives enough information for the viewer to find the multicast streams on the network and begin playback.
In the Multicast delivery scenario, each individual stream is sent on a pair of different UDP ports – one for data and the second for the related RTP Control Protocol or RTCP. That means for a video program consisting of a video stream and two audio streams, you’ll actually see packets being delivered to six UDP ports:
*Video data delivered over RTP
*The related RTCP port for the video stream
*Primary audio data delivered over RTP
*The related RTCP port for the primary audio stream
*Secondary audio data delivered over RTP
*The related RTCP port for the secondary audio stream
*Timestamps in the RTP headers can be used to synchronize the presentation of the various streams.
As a side note, RTCP is almost vestigial for most applications. It’s specified in RFC 3550 along with RTP. If you’re implementing a decoder you’ll need to listen on the RTCP ports, but you can almost ignore any data sent to you. The exceptions are the sender report, which you’ll need in order to match up the timestamps between the streams, and the BYE, which some sources will send as they tear down a stream.
Multicast video delivery works best for live content. Because each viewer is viewing the same stream, it’s not possible for individual viewers to be able to pause, seek, rewind or fast-forward the stream.
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It’s also possible to send unicast video over UDP, with one copy of the video transiting the network for each client. Unicast delivery can be used for both live and stored content. In the stored content case, additional control commands can be used to pause, seek, and enter fast forward and rewind modes.
Normally in this case, the player first establishes a control connection to a server using the Real-Time Streaming Protocol, or RTSP. In theory, RTSP can be used over either UDP or TCP, but in practice it is almost always used over TCP.
The player is normally started with an rtsp:// URL, and this causes it to connect over TCP to the RTSP server. After some back-and-forth between the player and the RTSP server, during which the server sends the client an SDP file describing the stream, the server begins sending video to the client over UDP. As with the multicast delivery case, a pair of UDP ports is used for each of the elementary streams.
For seekable streams, once the video is playing, the player has additional control using RTSP: It can cause playback to pause, or seek to a different position, or enter fast forward or rewind mode.RTSP Interleaved mode: RTP vs RTSP over TCP
I’m not a fan of streaming video over TCP. In the event a packet is lost in the network, it’s usually worse to wait for retransmission (which is what happens with TCP’s guaranteed delivery) than it is just to allow the resulting video glitch to pass through to the user (which is what happens with UDP).
However, there are a handful of different networking configurations that would block UDP video; in particular, firewalls historically have interacted badly with the two modes of UDP delivery summarized above.
So the RTSP RFC, in section 10.12, briefly outlines a mode of interleaving the RTP and RTCP packets onto the existing TCP connection being used for RTSP. Each RTP and RTCP packet is given a four-byte prefix and dropped onto the TCP stream. The result is that the player connects to the RTSP server, and all communication flows over a single TCP connection between the two.HTTP Tunneled mode: RTP and RTSP over HTTP over TCP
You would think RTSP Interleaved mode, being designed to transmit video across firewalls, would be the end, but it turns out that many firewalls aren’t configured to allow connections to TCP port 554, the well-known port for an RTSP server.
So Apple invented a method of mapping the entire RTSP Interleaved communication on top of HTTP, meaning the video ultimately flows across TCP port 80. To my knowledge, this HTTP Tunneled mode is not standardized in any official RFC, but it’s so widely implemented that it has become a de-facto standard.Domain SummaryGlobal Traffic Rank25,882Estimated Visitors70,400 / DayEstimated Page Impressions204,000 / DayDomain Creation Daten/aDomain Agen/aIP Addresses4 × IPv4Web Server LocationUnited StatesUpdated: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)When has RTP.pt expired?This domain has expired 23 days ago on Thursday, February 11, 2021.What are RTP.pt’s nameservers?DNS for RTP.pt is provided by the following nameservers:What is the traffic rank for RTP.pt?How many people visit RTP.pt each day?RTP.pt receives approximately 70,400 visitors and 204,000 page impressions per day.From which countries does RTP.pt receive most of its visitors from?RTP.pt is mostly visited by people located in Portugal, the United States and Mozambique.What IP addresses does RTP.pt resolve to?RTP.pt resolves to the following 4 IPv4 addresses:In what country are RTP.pt servers located in?Domain WHOIS RecordDomain Namertp.ptDomain ExtensionptTop-Level Domain (TLD).ptTLD TypeCountry Code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD)Domain Expiry DateDomain Status
*registeredNameservers
*ns1.ptempresas.pt
*ns10.ptempresas.pt
*ns2.ptempresas.pt.pt Sponsoring OrganisationAssociação DNS.PT.pt WHOIS Serverwhois.dns.pt.pt Registry URLBest Rtp Slot MachineIP Address and Server LocationUnited StatesLocationUnited StatesLatitude37.7510 / 37°45′3″ NLongitude-97.8220 / 97°49′19″ WTimezoneAmerica/ChicagoLocal TimeIPv4 Addresses
*151.101.2.133
*151.101.66.133
*151.101.130.133
*151.101.194.133Website and Web Server InformationWebsite AbstractRTP - Rádio Televisão Portuguesa : Operadores de serviço público de televisão. Guia TV, programas, novidades, cinema, concursos e RTP VídeoWebsite TitleRTP - Rádio e Televisão de PortugalWebsite DescriptionA RTP está próxima dos portugueses. Os programas que vê todos os dias na TV e na Rádio. Os vídeos e áudios dos seus programas preferidos, mp3, rss e online. Notícias, desporto, blogues, sugestões e as novidades RTPWebsite KeywordsEmissões em Directo, estilos de Vida, A não Perder, Museu RTP, Zig ZagWebsite Hosthttp://www.rtp.ptMedian Page Load Time1.495 secondsWebsite LanguagePortuguese (pt)Number of Sites Linking In4,124DNS Resource RecordsNameTypeData@A151.101.2.133@A151.101.66.133@A151.101.130.133@A151.101.194.133@ represents the DNS zone origin rtp.pt as often found in BIND zone filesTraffic SummaryGlobal Traffic RankEstimated Monthly VisitorsEstimated Monthly Pageviews25,8822.1 Million6.2 MillionTraffic Statistics by CountryCountryTraffic RankPageviewsVisitorsPortugal2685.4%79.0%United States88,0452.2%3.3%Mozambique3410.9%1.6%Other Countries11.5%16.1%Traffic Statistics by SubdomainSubdomainVisitorsPageviewsPageviews per Visitorrtp.pt86.55%89.70%2.7Other Subdomains10.30%Sites Similar to RTP.ptSport Tv - sporttv.ptTV Cabo - tvcabo.pttsr.chSIC Online - sic.ptSapo - Portugal Online! - sapo.ptTVE - rtve.esRTBF - rtbf.beRádio Renascença Online - rr.ptRFM Online - rfm.ptRede Record - rederecord.com.brnoticias.rtp.pt/ - rtp.ptReverse IP - Websites on the same IP Addressrossmann.desenetic.luavalaneboutique.comwww.yoursurprise.plyoursurprise.plwww.bbweblink.comdotabuff.comcpap.comweedmaps.comrobertwalters.co.jpBest Rtp Online CasinosWebsites with Similar Namesrtp.org.brrtp.partnersrtp.photographyrtp.physiortp.plumbingrtp.realtyrtp.rentrtp.rortp.rsrtp.seRelated Keyword Analysesrtp company crockett txhotel indigo rtp nchotel indigo airport at rtptvtuga rtpbooongo slots rtprtp stock pricertp jobywhat is an rtpfitemcasa rtpalexander pavlov rtprt pcrrtp protocolrtpartp meaningrtp companyrtpos
See also: Domain List - Page 981,251, Alexa Top Sites Rank 25801 - 25900
Register here: http://gg.gg/vy9gf
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